party to a wage agreement

[əˈɡri:mənt]

adoption agreement договор об усыновлении (удочерении) affiliation agreement соглашение о переходе под контроль другой компании agency agreement агентский договор agency agreement агентское соглашение agency agreement договор о посредничестве agency agreement соглашение о посредничестве agency agreement соглашение об агентских услугах agreement договор, соглашение; agreement by piece сдельная плата agreement договор agreement договоренность agreement контракт agreement совпадение agreement (взаимное) согласие; agreement of opinion единомыслие; to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению agreement согласие agreement грам. согласование agreement соглашение agreement соглашение (документ) agreement соответствие agreement договор, соглашение; agreement by piece сдельная плата agreement for exchange of goods соглашение об обмене товарами agreement in principle принципиальная договоренность agreement in principle принципиальное согласие agreement in writing письменная договоренность agreement (взаимное) согласие; agreement of opinion единомыслие; to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению agreement of purchase and sale договор купли-продажи agreement on budget соглашение о бюджете agreement on European economic cooperation договор о европейском экономическом сотрудничестве agreement on European economic space договор о европейском экономическом пространстве agreement on scope of authority юр. договор об объеме полномочий agreement on tax reform соглашение о налоговой реформе agreement on transfer of ownership договор о передаче собственности agreement on venue юр. согласие о месте рассмотрения дела agreement to be fined summarily закон.наказ. согласие на наложение штрафа в упрощенном порядке agreement to sell соглашение о продаже antenuptial agreement сем.право добрачный договор arbitration agreement арбитражное соглашение arrive at agreement достигать соглашения arrive at agreement приходить к соглашению assistance agreement соглашение о содействии association agreement договор о сотрудничестве author-publisher agreement договор автора с издателем barter agreement соглашение о товарообмене basic agreement основное соглашение basic agreement учредительное соглашение biennial wage agreement двухгодичное соглашение о заработной плате bilateral agreement двусторонний договор bilateral trade agreement двустороннее торговое соглашение binding agreement обязывающий договор blanket agreement общее соглашение block an agreement прекращать действие договора bona fide agreement справедливое соглашение bring into agreement приводить в действие соглашение с brokerage agreement агентский договор, договор представительства building loan agreement контракт на получение ссуды на строительство call-off purchase agreement соглашение о покупке с последующей поставкой cancel an agency agreement расторгать агентское соглашение cancel an agreement аннулировать соглашение care agreement соглашение по уходу (за больным, инвалидом и т. п.) cartel agreement картельное соглашение clearing agreement двусторонний клиринг clearing agreement соглашение о расчетах closed-shop agreement соглашение о приеме на работу только членов определенного профсоюза closing agreement соглашение о взимании налогов coalition agreement соглашение о коалиции collection agreement соглашение об инкассировании collective agreement коллективный договор collective: agreement коллективный; совместный; совокупный; collective agreement коллективный договор collective agreement extension распространение положений коллективного договора на смежные области collective bargaining agreement коллективный договор collective labour agreement коллективное трудовое соглашение collective labour agreement коллективный трудовой договор collective piecework agreement коллективный договор о сдельной работе collective wage agreement коллективное соглашение о заработной плате agreement (взаимное) согласие; agreement of opinion единомыслие; to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению commodity agreement товарное соглашение company agreement договор с компанией compensation agreement компенсационное соглашение conclude an agreement заключать соглашение concluded agreement заключенное соглашение conditional sale agreement соглашение об условной продаже conference agreement картельное соглашение судовладельцев conservation agreement договор об охране природы consignment agreement договор о поставке товара consignment agreement консигнационное соглашение consortium agreement соглашения о консорциуме consumer agreement договор с потребителем contractual agreement соглашение, основанное на договоре control agreement соглашение о контроле cooperation agreement соглашение о сотрудничестве credit agreement соглашение о кредитовании credit sale agreement соглашение о продаже в кредит customer agreement договор с покупателем delivery agreement соглашение о доставке deposit agreement депозитное соглашение deposit agreement соглашение об открытии счета в банке derogation agreement соглашение о частичной отмене закона draft agreement проект соглашения exchange agreement соглашение об обмене exclusion agreement соглашение о запрещении въезда в страну exclusive agreement эксклюзивное соглашение exclusive dealing agreement соглашение об исключительном праве торговли express agreement точно сформулированное соглашение fictitious agreement фиктивное соглашение formal agreement формальное соглашение formation agreement соглашение об учреждении framework agreement принципиальное соглашение franchising agreement соглашение о предоставлении привилегии free trade agreement соглашение о свободной торговле general agreement генеральное соглашение general agreement общее соглашение general average agreement (GAA) мор.страх. соглашение по общей аварии gentlemen's agreement джентльменское соглашение governmental agreement правительственное соглашение hire-purchase agreement договор о купле-продаже в рассрочку hybrid agreement смешанное соглашение industrial peace agreement соглашение о мирном разрешении трудовых конфликтов industry-wide collective agreement коллективный договор для всей отрасли informal agreement неофициальное соглашение instalment agreement соглашение о частичных платежах insurance agreement договор страхования intercompany agreement межфирменное соглашение intergovernmental agreement межправительственное соглашение interim agreement временное соглашение joint agreement совместное соглашение joint agreement совместный договор joint sales agreement соглашение о совместной продаже joint venture agreement соглашение о совместном предприятии labour agreement трудовое соглашение lease agreement договор о найме lease agreement договор об аренде lease agreement соглашение о сдаче в аренду leasing agreement соглашение о долгосрочной аренде licence agreement лицензионное соглашение license agreement лицензионное соглашение license agreement лицензия licensing agreement лицензионное соглашение limited partnership agreement соглашение о создании компании с ограниченной ответственностью litigation agreement судебное соглашение loan agreement договор о ссуде loan agreement контракт на получение кредита loan agreement кредитное соглашение loan agreement соглашение между эмитентом ценных бумаг и синдикатом гарантов long-term agreement долгосрочное соглашение maintenace agreement договор о содержании, соглашение о содержании (ребенка, инвалида, пожилого человека) make an agreement заключать соглашение make an agreement приходить к соглашению management agreement соглашение с администрацией market sharing agreement соглашение о разделе рынка marketing agreement соглашение о сбыте продукции master agreement соглашение двух сторон об основных условиях свопов, которые будут заключены между ними в течение оговоренного срока mediation agreement арбитражное соглашение merger agreement договор о слиянии (компаний) model agreement типовой договор monetary agreement валютное соглашение multilateral agreement многостороннее соглашение multilateral trade agreement многостороннее торговое соглашение nondisclosure agreement соглашение о неразглашении open agreement открытое соглашение oral agreement устное соглашение parol agreement простое соглашение parol agreement соглашение не за печатью parol agreement устное соглашение partnership agreement договор о партнерстве partnership agreement договор о сотрудничестве party to an agreement сторона в договоре patent licensing agreement соглашение о патентной лицензии pay agreement платежное соглашение payment agreement платежное соглашение pension agreement договор о пенсионном обеспечении pension agreement пенсионный договор permanent agreement долгосрочное соглашение permanent agreement постоянное соглашение piece-work agreement договор о сдельной работе political agreement политическое соглашение pool scheme agreement соглашение об объединении пенсионных фондов нескольких предприятий portfolio management agreement соглашение об управлении портфелем ценных бумаг preferential agreement преференциальное соглашение preliminary agreement предварительное соглашение previous agreement предыдущее соглашение price agreement принятие цены price agreement соглашение о ценах private agreement конфиденциальное соглашение pro forma agreement формальное соглашение promotion agreement договор об учреждении, основании (акционерного общества, компании) purchase agreement соглашение о покупке quota agreement соглашение о квоте reach an agreement достигать соглашения reciprocity agreement соглашение, основанное на взаимности regulated agreement регулируемое соглашение reverse repurchase agreement покупка ценных бумаг с совершением через некоторое время обратной операции revolving credit agreement соглашение о возобновляемом кредите rough agreement вчт. приближенное согласие sailing agreement соглашение о навигации salary agreement соглашение о заработной плате sales agreement договор о продаже salvage agreement соглашение о производстве спасательных работ salvage agreement спасательный контракт, соглашение о производстве спасательных работ salvage agreement спасательный контракт secrecy agreement секретное соглашение selling group agreement соглашение, на основе которого группа банков размещает новый заем separate agreement соглашение о раздельном жительстве супругов separation agreement соглашение о раздельном жительстве супругов settlement agreement соглашение об урегулировании претензий shareholders' agreement соглашение между акционерами short-term agreement краткосрочное соглашение sidestep an agreement отступать от соглашения skeleton agreement набросок договора special agreement специальное соглашение specialization agreement соглашение о специализации sponsoring agreement соглашение о финансировании stevedoring agreement договор о погрузке или разгрузке корабля stowage agreement договор на стивидорные работы subordination agreement соглашение о подчинении supplementary agreement дополнительное соглашение swap agreement соглашение о получении иностранной валюты на короткий срок в обмен на национальную для целей валютных интервенций swap agreement exc. соглашение о свопах tacit agreement юр. молчаливое согласие tariff agreement соглашение о тарифах tariff agreement тарифное соглашение tax agreement соглашение о налогах technology transfer agreement соглашение о передаче технологии tenancy agreement арендное соглашение tenancy agreement арендный договор tenancy agreement договор об аренде tentative agreement предварительное соглашение term repurchase agreement соглашение о покупке акций с последующим их выкупом через определенный срок и по обусловленной цене terminate an agreement аннулировать соглашение terminate an agreement прекращать действие договора trade agreement торговое соглашение tripartite agreement трехстороннее соглашение truce agreement соглашение о перемирии verbal agreement договоренность verbal agreement устное соглашение wage agreement коллективный договор wage agreement соглашение о ставках заработной платы war risk agreement соглашение о военных рисках

соглашение, договор;
- collective * коллективный договор;
- armistice * соглашение о перемирии;
- procedural * соглашение по процедурным вопросам;
- as part of the * в рамках соглашения согласие;
договоренность;
- by mutual * по взаимному согласию;
- * of opinion единомыслие;
- in * with smth. в соответствии с чем-л;
- * among the members единство мнений среди членов;
- * in principle( дипломатическое) принципиальная договоренность;
- to be in * with smb. соглашаться с кем-л;
- to come to an * on smth. with smb. прийти к соглашению по какому-л вопросу с кем-л;
договориться о чем-л с кем-л;
- to reach * with smb. достигнуть договоренности с кем-л;
- these is very little * about what to do нет единства мнений о том, что делать;
- that seemed to be in excellent * with his calculations это, видимо, вполне совпадало с его расчетами (грамматика) согласование (специальное) согласие, совпадение;
- * by order of magnitude совпадение по порядку величины

adoption ~ договор об усыновлении (удочерении)

affiliation ~ соглашение о переходе под контроль другой компании

agency ~ агентский договор agency ~ агентское соглашение agency ~ договор о посредничестве agency ~ соглашение о посредничестве agency ~ соглашение об агентских услугах

agreement договор, соглашение;
agreement by piece сдельная плата ~ договор ~ договоренность ~ контракт ~ совпадение ~ (взаимное) согласие;
agreement of opinion единомыслие;
to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению ~ согласие ~ грам. согласование ~ соглашение ~ соглашение (документ) ~ соответствие

agreement договор, соглашение;
agreement by piece сдельная плата

~ for exchange of goods соглашение об обмене товарами

~ in principle принципиальная договоренность ~ in principle принципиальное согласие

~ in writing письменная договоренность

~ (взаимное) согласие;
agreement of opinion единомыслие;
to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению

~ of purchase and sale договор купли-продажи

~ on budget соглашение о бюджете

~ on European economic cooperation договор о европейском экономическом сотрудничестве

~ on European economic space договор о европейском экономическом пространстве

~ on scope of authority юр. договор об объеме полномочий

~ on tax reform соглашение о налоговой реформе

~ on transfer of ownership договор о передаче собственности

~ on venue юр. согласие о месте рассмотрения дела

~ to be fined summarily закон. наказ. согласие на наложение штрафа в упрощенном порядке

~ to sell соглашение о продаже

antenuptial ~ сем. право добрачный договор

arbitration ~ арбитражное соглашение

arrive at ~ достигать соглашения arrive at ~ приходить к соглашению

assistance ~ соглашение о содействии

association ~ договор о сотрудничестве

author-publisher ~ договор автора с издателем

barter ~ соглашение о товарообмене

basic ~ основное соглашение basic ~ учредительное соглашение

biennial wage ~ двухгодичное соглашение о заработной плате

bilateral ~ двусторонний договор

bilateral trade ~ двустороннее торговое соглашение

binding ~ обязывающий договор

blanket ~ общее соглашение

block an ~ прекращать действие договора

bona fide ~ справедливое соглашение

bring into ~ приводить в действие соглашение с

brokerage ~ агентский договор, договор представительства

building loan ~ контракт на получение ссуды на строительство

call-off purchase ~ соглашение о покупке с последующей поставкой

cancel an agency ~ расторгать агентское соглашение

cancel an ~ аннулировать соглашение

care ~ соглашение по уходу (за больным, инвалидом и т. п.)

cartel ~ картельное соглашение

clearing ~ двусторонний клиринг clearing ~ соглашение о расчетах

closed-shop ~ соглашение о приеме на работу только членов определенного профсоюза

closing ~ соглашение о взимании налогов

coalition ~ соглашение о коалиции

collection ~ соглашение об инкассировании

collective ~ коллективный договор collective: ~ коллективный;
совместный;
совокупный;
collective agreement коллективный договор

collective ~ extension распространение положений коллективного договора на смежные области

collective bargaining ~ коллективный договор

collective labour ~ коллективное трудовое соглашение collective labour ~ коллективный трудовой договор

collective piecework ~ коллективный договор о сдельной работе

collective wage ~ коллективное соглашение о заработной плате

~ (взаимное) согласие;
agreement of opinion единомыслие;
to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению

commodity ~ товарное соглашение

company ~ договор с компанией

compensation ~ компенсационное соглашение

conclude an ~ заключать соглашение

concluded ~ заключенное соглашение

conditional sale ~ соглашение об условной продаже

conference ~ картельное соглашение судовладельцев

conservation ~ договор об охране природы

consignment ~ договор о поставке товара consignment ~ консигнационное соглашение

consortium ~ соглашения о консорциуме

consumer ~ договор с потребителем

contractual ~ соглашение, основанное на договоре

control ~ соглашение о контроле

cooperation ~ соглашение о сотрудничестве

credit ~ соглашение о кредитовании

credit sale ~ соглашение о продаже в кредит

customer ~ договор с покупателем

delivery ~ соглашение о доставке

deposit ~ депозитное соглашение deposit ~ соглашение об открытии счета в банке

derogation ~ соглашение о частичной отмене закона

draft ~ проект соглашения

exchange ~ соглашение об обмене

exclusion ~ соглашение о запрещении въезда в страну

exclusive ~ эксклюзивное соглашение

exclusive dealing ~ соглашение об исключительном праве торговли

express ~ точно сформулированное соглашение

fictitious ~ фиктивное соглашение

formal ~ формальное соглашение

formation ~ соглашение об учреждении

framework ~ принципиальное соглашение

franchising ~ соглашение о предоставлении привилегии

free trade ~ соглашение о свободной торговле

general ~ генеральное соглашение general ~ общее соглашение

general average ~ (GAA) мор. страх. соглашение по общей аварии

gentlemen's ~ джентльменское соглашение

governmental ~ правительственное соглашение

hire-purchase ~ договор о купле-продаже в рассрочку

hybrid ~ смешанное соглашение

industrial peace ~ соглашение о мирном разрешении трудовых конфликтов

industry-wide collective ~ коллективный договор для всей отрасли

informal ~ неофициальное соглашение

instalment ~ соглашение о частичных платежах

insurance ~ договор страхования

intercompany ~ межфирменное соглашение

intergovernmental ~ межправительственное соглашение

interim ~ временное соглашение

joint ~ совместное соглашение joint ~ совместный договор

joint sales ~ соглашение о совместной продаже

joint venture ~ соглашение о совместном предприятии

labour ~ трудовое соглашение

lease ~ договор о найме lease ~ договор об аренде lease ~ соглашение о сдаче в аренду

leasing ~ соглашение о долгосрочной аренде

licence ~ лицензионное соглашение

license ~ лицензионное соглашение license ~ лицензия

licensing ~ лицензионное соглашение

limited partnership ~ соглашение о создании компании с ограниченной ответственностью

litigation ~ судебное соглашение

loan ~ договор о ссуде loan ~ контракт на получение кредита loan ~ кредитное соглашение loan ~ соглашение между эмитентом ценных бумаг и синдикатом гарантов

long-term ~ долгосрочное соглашение

maintenace ~ договор о содержании, соглашение о содержании (ребенка, инвалида, пожилого человека)

make an ~ заключать соглашение make an ~ приходить к соглашению

management ~ соглашение с администрацией

market sharing ~ соглашение о разделе рынка

marketing ~ соглашение о сбыте продукции

master ~ соглашение двух сторон об основных условиях свопов, которые будут заключены между ними в течение оговоренного срока

mediation ~ арбитражное соглашение

merger ~ договор о слиянии (компаний)

model ~ типовой договор

monetary ~ валютное соглашение

multilateral ~ многостороннее соглашение

multilateral trade ~ многостороннее торговое соглашение

nondisclosure ~ соглашение о неразглашении

open ~ открытое соглашение

oral ~ устное соглашение

parol ~ простое соглашение parol ~ соглашение не за печатью parol ~ устное соглашение

partnership ~ договор о партнерстве partnership ~ договор о сотрудничестве

party to an ~ сторона в договоре

patent licensing ~ соглашение о патентной лицензии

pay ~ платежное соглашение

payment ~ платежное соглашение

pension ~ договор о пенсионном обеспечении pension ~ пенсионный договор

permanent ~ долгосрочное соглашение permanent ~ постоянное соглашение

piece-work ~ договор о сдельной работе

political ~ политическое соглашение

pool scheme ~ соглашение об объединении пенсионных фондов нескольких предприятий

portfolio management ~ соглашение об управлении портфелем ценных бумаг

preferential ~ преференциальное соглашение

preliminary ~ предварительное соглашение

previous ~ предыдущее соглашение

price ~ принятие цены price ~ соглашение о ценах

private ~ конфиденциальное соглашение

pro forma ~ формальное соглашение

promotion ~ договор об учреждении, основании (акционерного общества, компании)

purchase ~ соглашение о покупке

quota ~ соглашение о квоте

reach an ~ достигать соглашения

reciprocity ~ соглашение, основанное на взаимности

regulated ~ регулируемое соглашение

reverse repurchase ~ покупка ценных бумаг с совершением через некоторое время обратной операции

revolving credit ~ соглашение о возобновляемом кредите

rough ~ вчт. приближенное согласие

sailing ~ соглашение о навигации

salary ~ соглашение о заработной плате

sales ~ договор о продаже

salvage ~ соглашение о производстве спасательных работ salvage ~ спасательный контракт, соглашение о производстве спасательных работ salvage ~ спасательный контракт

secrecy ~ секретное соглашение

selling group ~ соглашение, на основе которого группа банков размещает новый заем

separate ~ соглашение о раздельном жительстве супругов

separation ~ соглашение о раздельном жительстве супругов

settlement ~ соглашение об урегулировании претензий

shareholders' ~ соглашение между акционерами

short-term ~ краткосрочное соглашение

sidestep an ~ отступать от соглашения

skeleton ~ набросок договора

special ~ специальное соглашение

specialization ~ соглашение о специализации

sponsoring ~ соглашение о финансировании

stevedoring ~ договор о погрузке или разгрузке корабля

stowage ~ договор на стивидорные работы

subordination ~ соглашение о подчинении

supplementary ~ дополнительное соглашение

swap ~ соглашение о получении иностранной валюты на короткий срок в обмен на национальную для целей валютных интервенций swap ~ exc. соглашение о свопах

tacit ~ юр. молчаливое согласие

tariff ~ соглашение о тарифах tariff ~ тарифное соглашение

tax ~ соглашение о налогах

technology transfer ~ соглашение о передаче технологии

tenancy ~ арендное соглашение tenancy ~ арендный договор tenancy ~ договор об аренде

tentative ~ предварительное соглашение

term repurchase ~ соглашение о покупке акций с последующим их выкупом через определенный срок и по обусловленной цене

terminate an ~ аннулировать соглашение terminate an ~ прекращать действие договора

trade ~ торговое соглашение

tripartite ~ трехстороннее соглашение

truce ~ соглашение о перемирии

verbal ~ договоренность verbal ~ устное соглашение

wage ~ коллективный договор wage ~ соглашение о ставках заработной платы

war risk ~ соглашение о военных рисках

f, Tarifpartner m party to a wage agreement, side in wage ( oder collective) bargaining; Pl. auch union(s) and management, social partners

* * *

* * *

m meist pl ÖKON labour and management, unions and management

die \Tarifparteien des Einzelhandels bargaining agents for retail traders

* * *

Tarifpartei f, Tarifpartner m party to a wage agreement, side in wage ( oder collective) bargaining; pl auch union(s) and management, social partners

* * *

m(f) party to a wage agreement

m meist pl ÖKON labour and management, unions and management

die \Tarifpartneren des Einzelhandels bargaining agents for retail traders

* * *

Tarifpartei f, Tarifpartner m party to a wage agreement, side in wage ( oder collective) bargaining; pl auch union(s) and management, social partners

Tarifpartner m party to collective wage agreement

Ta·rif·par·tei f, Ta·rif·part·ner(in) m(f)

party to a wage agreement

f party to the ( oder a) wage agreement, contracting party

* * *

m meist pl ÖKON s. Tarifpartei

* * *

Tarifvertragspartei f party to the ( oder a) wage agreement, contracting party

1 agreement (pacto).

llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement

acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

acuerdo marco (industry) framework agreement

acuerdo sobre productividad (industry) productivity agreement

acuerdo tácito tacit agreement

2 resolution.

3 settlement of a claim.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: acordar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 agreement

\

¡de acuerdo! all right!, O.K.!

de acuerdo con in accordance with

de común acuerdo by mutual agreement, by common consent

estar de acuerdo to agree ( con, with)

llegar a un acuerdo to come to an agreement

ponerse de acuerdo to agree

acuerdo marco framework agreement

* * *

- de acuerdo

* * *

1) (=decisión conjunta) agreement; [implícito, informal] understanding; [de negocios] deal

2)

a) [independiente] OK, all right

b)

c)

d)

* * *

1)

a) ( arreglo) agreement

b) ( pacto) agreement

2) (en locs)

a)

b)

* * *

= agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.

Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

Ex. This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.

Ex. A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.

Ex. Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.

Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.

Ex. A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.

Ex. The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.

Ex. Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.

Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.

Ex. Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.

Ex. Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.

Ex. These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.

----

* aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.

* acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.

* acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.

* acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.

* acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.

* acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.

* acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.

* acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.

* acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.

* acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.

* acuerdo escrito = written agreement.

* acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.

* Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

* acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.

* acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.

* acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.

* acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.

* acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.

* acuerdo secreto = secret deal.

* acuerdo sindical = union contract.

* acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.

* acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.

* alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.

* celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.

* cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.

* compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.

* concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.

* contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.

* creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.

* crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.

* críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.

* cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.

* de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.

* de acuerdo a = according to.

* de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.

* de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.

* de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.

* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.

* de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.

* de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.

* dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.

* elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.

* establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.

* estando de acuerdo = approvingly.

* estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.

* estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.

* estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.

* estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).

* estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.

* estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).

* estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.

* estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.

* firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.

* firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.

* llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.

* llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.

* negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.

* no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.

* no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).

* no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.

* ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).

* ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.

* renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.

* respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.

* romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.

* si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.

* si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.

* tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.

* todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.

* vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.

* * *

1)

a) ( arreglo) agreement

b) ( pacto) agreement

2) (en locs)

a)

b)

* * *

* * *

1 (arreglo) agreement

llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo to reach an agreement

se separaron de común acuerdo they separated by mutual agreement

2 (pacto) agreement

un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement

los acuerdos de paz the peace agreements o ( frml) accords

(UE) association agreement

outline agreement

prenuptial agreement

wage settlement

B ( en locs)

de acuerdo ( loc adv): todos estamos de acuerdo we all agree

al final se pusieron de acuerdo in the end they came to o reached an agreement

están de acuerdo en todo they agree on everything

estamos de acuerdo en que va a ser difícil we all agree o we're all agreed that it's going to be difficult

estar de acuerdo CON algn/algo to agree WITH sb/sth

sobre ese punto estoy de acuerdo con ellos I agree with them on that point

no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you, I disagree with you

no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't agree o I disagree with paying him so much

no estoy de acuerdo con lo que acabas de decir I don't agree with what you've just said

de acuerdo ( indep) OK, okay

¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right

salimos a las 6 ¿de acuerdo? we leave at 6, OK o okay?

de acuerdo con or a ( loc prep) in accordance with

de acuerdo con lo establecido en el contrato in accordance with what is laid down in the contract ( frml), as laid down in the contract

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

◊ si mal no me acuerdo if I remember right;

◊ se acordó de haberlo visto allí she remembered o recalled seeing him there;

a) (arreglo, pacto) agreement;

◊ llegar a un acuerdo to reach an agreement; acuerdo de paz peace agreement o (frml) accord

◊ estar de acuerdo to agree;

c) de acuerdo con or a in accordance with

* * *

♦ ver acordar

♦ nm

1. [determinación, pacto] agreement;

un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement;

llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement;

tomar un acuerdo to make a decision;

no hubo acuerdo they did not reach (an) agreement;

de común acuerdo by common consent

acuerdo comercial trade agreement;

Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;

acuerdo marco general o framework agreement;

acuerdo de paz peace agreement o deal;

acuerdo salarial pay agreement, pay deal;

acuerdo tácito tacit agreement

2. Am [recuerdo]

3. Méx [reunión] staff meeting

♦ de acuerdo loc adv

1. [conforme]

estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on sth;

estamos de acuerdo en que es necesario encontrar una solución we agree that we have to find a solution;

ponerse de acuerdo (con alguien) to agree (with sb), to come to an agreement (with sb)

2. [bien, vale] all right;

lo traeré mañana – de acuerdo I'll bring it tomorrow – all right o fine;

de acuerdo, me has convencido, lo haremos a tu manera all right, you've convinced me, we'll do it your way

3.

de acuerdo con cifras oficiales… according to official figures…

* * *

1 agreement;

acuerdo comercial trade agreement;

estar de acuerdo con agree with, be in agreement with;

llegar a un acuerdo, ponerse de acuerdo come to o reach an agreement ( con with);

tomar un acuerdo reach an agreement;

de común acuerdo by mutual agreement;

¡de acuerdo! all right!, OK!

de acuerdo con algo in accordance with sth

* * *

acuerdo nm

1) : agreement

estar de acuerdo : to agree

de acuerdo con : in accordance with

de acuerdo : OK, all right

* * *

acuerdo n agreement

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

* * *

f 1. < Geschäft> Abmachung agreement, arrangement, accord, Abschluss bargain, Voraussetzung stipulation; 2. < Recht> agreement ■ eine Vereinbarung mit jmdm. haben <V&M> have an understanding with sb ■ eine Vereinbarung treffen < Geschäft> enter into an agreement, make an arrangement ■ nach Vereinbarung < Geschäft> by arrangement

* * *

[meɪk]transitive verb, made [meɪd]

1) (construct) machen, anfertigen (of aus); bauen [Damm, Straße, Flugzeug, Geige]; anlegen [See, Teich, Weg usw.]; zimmern [Tisch, Regal]; basteln [Spielzeug, Vogelhäuschen, Dekoration usw.]; nähen [Kleider]; durchbrechen [Türöffnung]; (manufacture) herstellen; (create) [er]schaffen [Welt]; (prepare) zubereiten [Mahlzeit]; machen [Frühstück, Grog]; machen, kochen [Kaffee, Tee, Marmelade]; backen [Brot, Kuchen]; (compose, write) schreiben, verfassen [Buch, Gedicht, Lied, Bericht]; machen [Eintrag, Zeichen, Kopie, Zusammenfassung, Testament]; anfertigen [Entwurf]; aufsetzen [Bewerbung, Schreiben, Urkunde]

2) (combine into) sich verbinden zu; bilden

3) (cause to exist) machen [Ärger, Schwierigkeiten, Lärm, Aufhebens]

4) (result in, amount to) machen [Unterschied, Summe]; ergeben [Resultat]

5) (establish, enact) bilden [Gegensatz]; treffen [Unterscheidung, Übereinkommen]; ziehen [Vergleich, Parallele]; erlassen [Gesetz, Haftbefehl]; aufstellen [Regeln, Behauptung]; stellen [Forderung]; geben [Bericht]; schließen [Vertrag]; vornehmen [Zahlung]; machen [Geschäft, Vorschlag, Geständnis]; erheben [Anschuldigung, Protest, Beschwerde]

6) (cause to be or become)

7)

8) (form, be counted as)

9) (serve for) abgeben

10) (become by development or training)

11) (gain, acquire, procure) machen [Vermögen, Profit, Verlust]; machen (ugs.) [Geld]; verdienen [Lebensunterhalt]; sich (Dat.) erwerben [Ruf]; (obtain as result) kommen zu od. auf, herausbekommen [Ergebnis, Endsumme]

12) machen [Geste, Bewegung, Verbeugung]; machen [Reise, Besuch, Ausnahme, Fehler, Angebot, Entdeckung, Witz, Bemerkung]; begehen [Irrtum]; vornehmen [Änderung, Stornierung]; vorbringen [Beschwerde]; tätigen, machen [Einkäufe]; geben [Versprechen, Kommentar]; halten [Rede]; ziehen [Vergleich]; durchführen, machen [Experiment, Analyse, Inspektion]; (wage) führen [Krieg]; (accomplish) schaffen [Strecke pro Zeiteinheit]

13)

14) (arrive at) erreichen [Bestimmungsort]; (coll.): (catch) [noch] kriegen (ugs.) [Zug usw.]

15)

16) (consider to be)

17)

1) (proceed)

2) (act as if with intention)

1) (kind of structure) Ausführung, die; (of clothes) Machart, die

2) (type of manufacture) Fabrikat, das; (brand) Marke, die

3)

- academic.ru/44737/make_for">make for

- make off

- make off with

- make out

- make over

- make up

- make up for

- make up to

* * *

1) (to create, form or produce: God made the Earth; She makes all her own clothes; He made it out of paper; to make a muddle/mess of the job; to make lunch/coffee; We made an arrangement/agreement/deal/bargain.) machen

2) (to compel, force or cause (a person or thing to do something): They made her do it; He made me laugh.) bringen zu

3) (to cause to be: I made it clear; You've made me very unhappy.) machen

4) (to gain or earn: He makes $100 a week; to make a profit.) machen

5) ((of numbers etc) to add up to; to amount to: 2 and 2 make(s) 4.) ergeben

6) (to become, turn into, or be: He'll make an excellent teacher.) sich erweisen als

7) (to estimate as: I make the total 483.) schätzen

8) (to appoint, or choose, as: He was made manager.) machen zu

9) (used with many nouns to give a similar meaning to that of the verb from which the noun is formed: He made several attempts (= attempted several times); They made a left turn (= turned left); He made (= offered) a suggestion/proposal; Have you any comments to make?) machen

- maker

* * *

I. NOUN

1. ECON (brand) Fabrikat nt, Marke f

the newer \makes of computer are much faster die neuen Computergenerationen sind viel schneller

it's jam of my own \make das ist selbst gemachte Marmelade

\make of car Automarke f

2. (of a person)

people of her \make are rare Leute wie sie [o fam ihrer Machart] sind selten

3. ( pej fam: search)

to be on the \make (for sex) auf sexuelle Abenteuer aus sein; (for money) geldgierig sein; (for power) machthungrig sein; (for profit) profitgierig sein; (for career) karrieresüchtig sein

to put the \make on sb AM (sl) versuchen, jdn ins Bett zu kriegen fam

II. TRANSITIVE VERB

1. (produce)

▪ to \make sth etw machen; company, factory etw herstellen

the pot is made to withstand high temperatures der Topf ist so beschaffen, dass er hohe Temperaturen aushält

‘made in Taiwan’ ‚hergestellt in Taiwan‘

this sweater is made of wool dieser Pullover ist aus Wolle

God made the world in 7 days Gott erschuf die Erde in 7 Tagen

to \make bread Brot backen

to \make clothes Kleider nähen

to \make coffee/soup/supper Kaffee/Suppe/das Abendessen kochen

to \make a copy of sth etw kopieren

to \make a movie [or film] einen Film drehen

to \make peace Frieden schließen

to \make a picture ( fam) ein Foto machen

to \make a recording of sth etw aufnehmen

to \make a snowman einen Schneemann bauen

to \make steel/a pot Stahl/einen Topf herstellen

to \make time sich dat [die] Zeit nehmen

to show what one's [really] made of zeigen, was in einem steckt

▪ to \make sb sth [or sth for sb] etw für jdn machen

he made us some coffee er machte uns Kaffee

▪ to be made for sth für etw akk [wie] geschaffen sein

the doll wasn't made for banging around die Puppe ist nicht dazu gedacht, herumgeschleudert zu werden

these two were made for each other die zwei sind wie geschaffen füreinander

2. (become)

▪ to \make sth etw werden; (be) etw sein

I don't think he will ever \make a good lawyer ich glaube, aus ihm wird nie ein guter Rechtsanwalt [werden]

she'll \make a great mother sie wird eine tolle Mutter abgeben

let's \make a circle lasst uns einen Kreis bilden

champagne and caviar \make a wonderful combination Champagner und Kaviar sind eine wunderbare Kombination

to \make a good answer/excuse eine gute Antwort/Entschuldigung sein

to \make a match gut zusammenpassen

to \make fascinating reading faszinierend zu lesen sein

3. (cause) machen

to \make noise/a scene/trouble Lärm/eine Szene/Ärger machen

to \make sb one's wife jdn zu seiner Frau machen

▪ to \make sth do sth:

the wind is making my eyes water durch den Wind fangen meine Augen an zu tränen

you \make things sound so bad du machst alles so schlecht

the dark colours \make the room look smaller die dunklen Farben lassen das Zimmer kleiner wirken

▪ to \make sb do sth jdn dazu bringen [o geh veranlassen], etw zu tun

what made you move here? was brachte dich dazu, hierher zu ziehen?

what made you change your mind? wodurch hast du deine Meinung geändert?

stories like that \make you think again Geschichten wie diese bringen dich zum Nachdenken

to \make sb laugh jdn zum Lachen bringen

to \make oneself look ridiculous sich akk lächerlich machen

to \make sb suffer jdn leiden lassen

4. (force)

▪ to \make sb do sth jdn zwingen, etw zu tun

go to your room! — no, and you can't \make me! geh auf dein Zimmer! — nein, und es kann mich auch keiner dazu zwingen!

5. + adj (cause to be) machen

the good weather made Spain so popular das schöne Wetter hat Spanien so beliebt gemacht

to \make the best of a situation das Beste aus einer Situation machen

to \make sb angry/happy jdn wütend/glücklich machen

to \make sth easy etw leicht machen

to \make oneself heard sich dat Gehör verschaffen

to \make oneself known to sb sich akk jdm vorstellen, sich akk mit jdm bekanntmachen

to \make sth public etw veröffentlichen

to \make oneself understood sich akk verständlich machen

6. (transform to)

▪ to \make sb/sth into sth:

the recycled paper will be made into cardboard das Recyclingpapier wird zu Karton weiterverarbeitet

this experience will \make you into a better person diese Erfahrung wird aus dir einen besseren Menschen machen

we've made the attic into a spare room wir haben den Speicher zu einem Gästezimmer ausgebaut

7. (perform)

▪ to \make sth mistake, progress, offer, suggestion etw machen

he made a plausible case for returning home early er überzeugte uns, dass es sinnvoll sei, früh nach Hause zu gehen

they made about 20 miles a day on foot sie legten etwa 20 Meilen am Tag zu Fuß zurück

I'll have a steak — no, \make that chicken ich nehme ein Steak — ach nein, bringen Sie doch lieber das Hühnchen

to \make an appointment einen Termin vereinbaren

to \make a bargain ein Schnäppchen machen

to \make a bid for sth ein Angebot für [o über] etw akk machen

to \make a book STOCKEX eine Aufstellung von Aktien machen, für die Kauf- oder Verkaufsaufträge entgegengenommen werden

to \make a call anrufen

to \make a deal einen Handel schließen

to \make a decision eine Entscheidung fällen [o treffen]

to \make a deposit eine Anzahlung leisten

to \make a donation eine Spende vornehmen

to \make an effort sich akk anstrengen

to \make a face ein Gesicht ziehen

to \make a good job of sth bei etw dat gute Arbeit leisten

to \make a move (in game) einen Zug machen; (in business, personal life) etwas unternehmen; body sich akk bewegen

to \make a payment eine Zahlung leisten

to \make a promise ein Versprechen geben, etw versprechen

to \make reservations reservieren

to \make a request for sth um etw akk bitten

to \make small talk Konversation betreiben

to \make a speech/presentation eine Rede/Präsentation halten

to \make a start anfangen

to \make good time doing sth bei etw dat schnell vorankommen

to \make way [or space] [or room] den Weg frei machen

to \make a withdrawal from a bank Geld bei einer Bank abheben

8. (amount to)

▪ to \make sth with numbers etw ergeben

five plus five \makes ten fünf und fünf ist zehn

today's earthquake \makes five since January mit dem heutigen Erdbeben sind es fünf seit Januar

this \makes the third time my car has broken down das ist nun das dritte Mal, dass mein Auto eine Panne hat

9. (earn, get)

▪ to \make sth:

he \makes £50,000 a year er verdient [o fam macht] 50.000 Pfund im Jahr

to \make enemies sich dat Feinde machen

to \make a fortune sein Glück machen

to \make friends Freundschaften schließen

to \make a killing einen Riesengewinn machen

to \make a living seinen Lebensunterhalt verdienen

to \make a lot of money out of sth mit etw dat viel Geld verdienen [o fam machen]

to \make a name for oneself sich dat einen Namen machen

to \make profits/losses Gewinn/Verlust machen

10. (appoint)

▪ to \make sb president/advisor/ambassador jdn zum Präsidenten/Berater/Botschafter ernennen

11. (consider important)

▪ to \make sth of sth:

she \makes a lot of politeness sie legt viel Wert auf Höflichkeit

don't \make too much of his grumpiness gib nicht zu viel auf seine mürrische Art

12. (estimate)

how much do you \make the total? was hast du als Summe errechnet?

I \make the answer [to be] 105.6 ich habe als Lösung 105,6 herausbekommen

what do you \make the time? was meinst du, wie viel Uhr ist es wohl?

13. ( fam: get to, reach)

▪ to \make sth etw schaffen

could you \make a meeting at 8 a.m.? schaffst du ein Treffen um 8 Uhr morgens?

I barely made it to the meeting ich habe es gerade noch zur Versammlung geschafft

the fire made the front page das Feuer kam auf die Titelseite

he made captain/sergeant/manager AM er hat es bis zum Kapitän/Feldwebel/Manager gebracht

to \make the bus/one's train/one's plane den Bus/seinen Zug/sein Flugzeug kriegen

to \make the deadline den Termin einhalten [können]

to \make the grade sich akk qualifizieren, es schaffen

to \make the finals/a team SPORT sich akk für das Finale/ein Team qualifizieren

to \make the big time ( fam) groß einsteigen fam

to \make it to the top Karriere machen

to \make it es schaffen

the patient may not \make it through the night der Patient wird wahrscheinlich die Nacht nicht überstehen

14. (render perfect)

those curtains really \make the living room diese Vorhänge heben das Wohnzimmer ungemein

this film has made his career der Film machte ihn berühmt

that made my day! das hat mir den Tag gerettet!

you've got it made! du hast ausgesorgt!

15. (have sex)

to \make love sich akk lieben, miteinander schlafen

▪ to \make sb AM, AUS (sl) mit jdm ins Bett gehen fam

he tried to \make her er hat versucht, sie ins Bett zu kriegen fam

to \make it with sb (fam!) es mit jdm treiben fam

16. NAUT

to \make port Meldung an den Hafenmeister machen

to \make sail in See stechen

to \make way vorankommen

17. ELEC

to \make contact den Stromkreis schließen

▶ to \make a beeline [or dash] for sth/sb schnurstracks auf etw/jdn zugehen

▶ to \make or break sth/sb das Schicksal von etw/jdm in der Hand haben

▶ to \make a day/an evening of it den ganzen Tag/die ganze Nacht bleiben

let's \make a night of it die Nacht ist noch jung

▶ to \make a go of it es schaffen, in etw dat Erfolg haben

▶ made in heaven perfekt

▶ to be made of money Geld wie Heu haben

▶ to \make sense Sinn ergeben [o machen

III. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1. (be about to)

to \make to leave/eat dinner/start a fight sich akk anschicken, zu gehen/Abend zu essen/einen Streit anzufangen

just as we made to leave the phone rang gerade als wir gehen wollten, klingelte das Telefon

2. (pretend)

▪ to \make as if to do sth aussehen, als ob man etw tun wolle

he made as if to leave the room er machte Anstalten, das Zimmer zu verlassen

stop making like you know everything! hör auf so zu tun, als wüsstest du alles!

▪ to \make like... AM so tun, als ob...

the boy made like he was sick so he wouldn't have to go to school der Junge stellte sich krank, damit er nicht zur Schule musste

3. AM ( dated sl: hand over)

▪ to \make with the money/jewels Geld/Juwelen [über]geben

\make with the money bags, baby! her mit dem Geld, Baby! fam

▶ to \make do with/without sth mit/ohne etw dat auskommen [o hinkommen]

can you \make do with a fiver? reicht dir ein Fünfpfundschein?

▶ to \make do and mend ( prov) flicken und wiederverwerten, was man hat, sich akk mit etw dat zufriedengeben

* * *

make [meık]

A s

1. a) Machart f, Ausführung f

b) Erzeugnis n, Produkt n, Fabrikat n:

our own make (unser) eigenes Fabrikat;

of best English make beste englische Qualität;

I like the make of this car mir gefällt die Ausführung oder Form dieses Wagens;

is this your own make? haben Sie das (selbst) gemacht?

2. Mode: Schnitt m, Fasson f

3. WIRTSCH (Fabrik)Marke f

4. TECH Typ m, Bau(art) m(f)

5. Beschaffenheit f, Zustand m

6. Anfertigung f, Herstellung f, Produktion f

7. Produktion(smenge) f, Ausstoß m

8. a) (Körper)Bau m

b) Veranlagung f, Natur f, Art f

9. Bau m, Gefüge n

10. Fassung f, Stil m (eines Romans etc)

11. ELEK Schließen n (des Stromkreises):

be at make geschlossen sein

12. Kartenspiel:

a) Trumpfbestimmung f

b) Bridge: endgültiges Trumpfgebot

c) Mischen n (der Karten)

13. be on the make sl

a) schwer dahinter her sein, auf Geld oder auf seinen Vorteil aus sein,

b) auf ein (sexuelles) Abenteuer aus sein,

c) (gesellschaftlich) nach oben drängen,

d) im Kommen oder Werden sein

B v/t prät und pperf made [meıd]

1. allg z. B. Anstrengungen, Einkäufe, Einwände, eine Reise, sein Testament, eine Verbeugung, einen Versuch machen:

make a fire Feuer machen;

make a price einen Preis festsetzen oder machen;

make a speech eine Rede halten;

make it 2-1 SPORT auf 2:1 stellen;

he’s (as) stupid as they make them umg er ist so dumm wie sonst was; (siehe die Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Stichwörtern)

2. machen:

a) anfertigen, herstellen, erzeugen ( alle:

from, of, out of aus)

b) verarbeiten, bilden, formen ( alle:

to, into in akk, zu):

make a man of sb einen Mann aus jemandem machen

c) Tee etc (zu)bereiten:

he made himself a cup of coffee er machte sich eine Tasse Kaffee

d) ein Gedicht etc verfassen, schreiben

3. errichten, bauen, einen Park, Weg etc anlegen

4. (er)schaffen:

God made man Gott schuf den Menschen;

you are made for this job du bist für diese Arbeit wie geschaffen

5. fig machen zu:

he made her his wife;

make a doctor of sb jemanden Arzt werden lassen

6. ergeben, bilden, entstehen lassen:

oxygen and hydrogen make water Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff bilden Wasser

7. verursachen:

a) ein Geräusch, Lärm, Mühe, Schwierigkeiten etc machen

b) bewirken, (mit sich) bringen:

8. (er)geben, den Stoff abgeben zu, dienen als (Sache):

this makes a good article das gibt einen guten Artikel;

this cloth will make a suit dieses Tuch wird für einen Anzug reichen

9. sich erweisen als (Personen):

he would make a good salesman er würde einen guten Verkäufer abgeben;

she made him a good wife sie war ihm eine gute Frau

10. bilden, (aus)machen:

this makes the tenth time das ist das zehnte Mal

11. (mit adj, pperf etc)machen:

make angry zornig machen, erzürnen; → make good

12. (mit folgendem Substantiv) machen zu, ernennen zu:

they made him (a) general, he was made a general er wurde zum General ernannt;

he made himself a martyr er machte sich zum Märtyrer

13. mit inf ( aktivisch ohne to, passiv mit to) jemanden lassen, veranlassen oder bringen oder zwingen oder nötigen zu:

make sb wait jemanden warten lassen;

he was made to wait for an hour man ließ ihn eine Stunde warten;

we made him talk wir brachten ihn zum Sprechen;

they made him repeat it, he was made to repeat it man ließ es ihn wiederholen;

make sth do, make do with sth mit etwas auskommen, sich mit etwas begnügen oder behelfen;

that coat makes him look absurd in dem Mantel schaut er einfach lächerlich aus; → laugh B

14. fig machen:

a) viel Wesens um etwas od jemanden machen,

b) viel halten von, eine hohe Meinung haben von, große Stücke halten auf (akk)

15. sich eine Vorstellung von etwas machen, etwas halten für:

what do you make of it? was halten Sie davon?

16. umg jemanden halten für:

17. schätzen auf (akk):

I make the distance three miles;

how old do you make him? wie alt schätzen Sie ihn?

18. feststellen:

I make it a quarter to five nach meiner Uhr ist es Viertel vor fünf

19. erfolgreich durchführen: → escape C 1

20. jemandem zum Erfolg verhelfen, jemandes Glück machen:

I can make and break you ich kann aus Ihnen etwas machen und ich kann Sie auch erledigen

21. sich ein Vermögen etc erwerben, verdienen, Geld, einen Profit machen, einen Gewinn erzielen: → name Bes Redew

22. schaffen:

a) eine Strecke zurücklegen:

make it es (räumlich od zeitlich) schaffen ( → B 23);

he didn’t make it to the emergency exit er schaffte es nicht bis zum Notausgang;

sorry, I couldn’t make it any earlier ich konnte leider nicht früher kommen

b) eine Geschwindigkeit erreichen, machen:

23. umg etwas erreichen, schaffen, einen akademischen Grad erlangen, SPORT etc Punkte, auch eine Schulnote erzielen, einen Zug erwischen:

make it es schaffen ( → B 22);

he made it to general er brachte es bis zum General;

make the team bes US sich einen Platz (in der Mannschaft) erobern; → regular A 14

24. sl eine Frau rumkriegen, umlegen (verführen)

25. ankommen in (dat), erreichen:

make port SCHIFF in den Hafen einlaufen

26. SCHIFF Land etc sichten, ausmachen

27. Br eine Mahlzeit einnehmen

28. ein Fest etc veranstalten

29. Kartenspiel:

a) Karten mischen

b) einen Stich machen

30. ELEK den Stromkreis schließen, einen Kontakt herstellen

31. LING den Plural etc bilden, werden zu

32. sich belaufen auf (akk), ergeben, machen:

two and two make four 2 und 2 macht oder ist 4

33. besonders Br ein Tier abrichten, dressieren

34. obs übersetzen (in eine andere Sprache)

35. US sl jemanden identifizieren

C v/i

1. sich anschicken, den Versuch machen ( beide:

to do zu tun):

he made to go er wollte gehen

2. (to nach)

a) sich begeben oder wenden

b) führen, gehen (Weg etc), sich erstrecken

c) fließen

3. einsetzen (Ebbe, Flut), (an)steigen (Flut etc)

4. (statt passiv) gemacht oder hergestellt werden

5. Kartenspiel: einen Stich machen

6. make as if ( oder as though) so tun, als ob oder als wenn:

make believe vorgeben ( that dass; to do zu tun);

make like US sl sich benehmen oder aufführen wie

* * *

[meɪk]transitive verb, made [meɪd]

1) (construct) machen, anfertigen (of aus); bauen [Damm, Straße, Flugzeug, Geige]; anlegen [See, Teich, Weg usw.]; zimmern [Tisch, Regal]; basteln [Spielzeug, Vogelhäuschen, Dekoration usw.]; nähen [Kleider]; durchbrechen [Türöffnung]; (manufacture) herstellen; (create) [er]schaffen [Welt]; (prepare) zubereiten [Mahlzeit]; machen [Frühstück, Grog]; machen, kochen [Kaffee, Tee, Marmelade]; backen [Brot, Kuchen]; (compose, write) schreiben, verfassen [Buch, Gedicht, Lied, Bericht]; machen [Eintrag, Zeichen, Kopie, Zusammenfassung, Testament]; anfertigen [Entwurf]; aufsetzen [Bewerbung, Schreiben, Urkunde]

2) (combine into) sich verbinden zu; bilden

3) (cause to exist) machen [Ärger, Schwierigkeiten, Lärm, Aufhebens]

4) (result in, amount to) machen [Unterschied, Summe]; ergeben [Resultat]

5) (establish, enact) bilden [Gegensatz]; treffen [Unterscheidung, Übereinkommen]; ziehen [Vergleich, Parallele]; erlassen [Gesetz, Haftbefehl]; aufstellen [Regeln, Behauptung]; stellen [Forderung]; geben [Bericht]; schließen [Vertrag]; vornehmen [Zahlung]; machen [Geschäft, Vorschlag, Geständnis]; erheben [Anschuldigung, Protest, Beschwerde]

6) (cause to be or become)

7)

8) (form, be counted as)

9) (serve for) abgeben

10) (become by development or training)

11) (gain, acquire, procure) machen [Vermögen, Profit, Verlust]; machen (ugs.) [Geld]; verdienen [Lebensunterhalt]; sich (Dat.) erwerben [Ruf]; (obtain as result) kommen zu od. auf, herausbekommen [Ergebnis, Endsumme]

12) machen [Geste, Bewegung, Verbeugung]; machen [Reise, Besuch, Ausnahme, Fehler, Angebot, Entdeckung, Witz, Bemerkung]; begehen [Irrtum]; vornehmen [Änderung, Stornierung]; vorbringen [Beschwerde]; tätigen, machen [Einkäufe]; geben [Versprechen, Kommentar]; halten [Rede]; ziehen [Vergleich]; durchführen, machen [Experiment, Analyse, Inspektion]; (wage) führen [Krieg]; (accomplish) schaffen [Strecke pro Zeiteinheit]

13)

14) (arrive at) erreichen [Bestimmungsort]; (coll.): (catch) [noch] kriegen (ugs.) [Zug usw.]

15)

16) (consider to be)

17)

1) (proceed)

2) (act as if with intention)

1) (kind of structure) Ausführung, die; (of clothes) Machart, die

2) (type of manufacture) Fabrikat, das; (brand) Marke, die

3)

- make for

- make off

- make off with

- make out

- make over

- make up

- make up for

- make up to

* * *

Fabrikat -e n.

Herstellung f.

Marke -n f. v.

= knüpfen v.

machen v.

vornehmen v.

1) (the right of directing or of giving orders; power or authority: She has control over all the decisions in that department; She has no control over that dog.) control, mando, poder

2) (the act of holding back or restraining: control of prices; I know you're angry but you must not lose control (of yourself).) control, dominio sobre sí mismo

3) ((often in plural) a lever, button etc which operates (a machine etc): The clutch and accelerator are foot controls in a car.) control, mando

4) (a point or place at which an inspection takes place: passport control.) control

1) (to direct or guide; to have power or authority over: The captain controls the whole ship; Control your dog!) controlar, dirigir

2) (to hold back; to restrain (oneself or one's emotions etc): Control yourself!) controlar(se), dominar(se)

3) (to keep to a fixed standard: The government is controlling prices.) controlar

•

- controller

control¹ n control

control² vb controlar

◊ bajo control under control;

a) (Educ) test

b) (Med) check-up;

◊ control antidoping dope test, drug test

tr[kən'trəʊl]

transitive verb

1 (govern, rule) controlar

■ he controlled the country for 36 years controló el país durante 36 años

■ a state-controlled industry una industria bajo control estatal

2 (have control over - person, animal, vehicle) controlar; (- emotions) controlar, dominar

■ a good teacher can control his class un buen profesor sabe controlar su clase

■ you must try to control your temper debes intentar dominar tu mal genio

3 (regulate - temperature, volume, pressure, rate, flow) controlar, regular; (- traffic) dirigir; (- prices, inflation, spending) controlar

4 (verify, check) controlar

noun

1 (power, command) poder nombre masculino, dominio, mando; (authority) autoridad nombre femenino

■ the military have gained control los militares se han hecho con el poder

■ his son took control of the business su hijo se hizo con el control de la empresa

■ more parental control should be exercised los padres deberían imponer su autoridad

2 (restriction, means of regulating) control nombre masculino

3 (place, people in control) control nombre masculino

4 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL (standard of comparison) patrón nombre masculino de comparación

5 (switch, button) botón nombre masculino, mando

■ the volume control doesn't work el mando del volumen no funciona

plural noun controls

1 (of vehicle) mandos nombre masculino plural

\

out of control fuera de control

under control bajo control

to be at the controls (of car) estar al volante 2 (of plane, etc) estar al mando

to be beyond somebody's control estar fuera del control de alguien

to be in control estar al mando, mandar

to bring something under control conseguir controlar algo, llegar a controlar algo

to control oneself controlarse

to gain control of something hacerse con el control de algo

to go out of control descontrolarse

to lose control of oneself perder el control de sí mismo,-a, perder los estribos

to lose control of something perder el control de algo

control panel tablero de instrumentos

control room (military) centro de operaciones 2 (in broadcasting) sala de control

control tower torre nombre femenino de control

import control control nombre masculino de importaciones

passport control control nombre masculino de pasaportes

price controls control nombre masculino de precios

traffic control control nombre masculino de tráfico

wage controls regulación f sing salarial

control [kən'tro:l] vt, - trolled ; - trolling : controlar, dominar

control n

1) : control m, dominio m, mando m

to be under control: estar bajo control

2) restraint: control m, limitación f

birth control: control natal

3) : control m, dispositivo m de mando

remote control: control remoto

• control s.m.

• dirección s.f.

• dominio s.m.

• gobierno s.m.

• inspección s.f.

• mando s.m.

• manejo s.m.

• regulación s.f.

• regulador s.m.

• abarcar v.

• acaparar v.

• controlar v.

• dirigir v.

• dominar v.

• fiscalizar v.

• gobernar v.

• mandar v.

• moderar v.

• regir v.

• regular v.

• sofrenar v.

transitive verb - ll-

1)

a) ( command) \<\<country/people\>\> controlar, ejercer* control sobre

b) ( regulate) \<\<temperature/flow\>\> controlar, regular; \<\<traffic\>\> dirigir*; \<\<inflation/growth\>\> controlar

2)

a) (curb, hold in check) \<\<animal/fire\>\> controlar; \<\<emotion\>\> controlar, dominar

b) (manage, steer) \<\<vehicle/boat\>\> controlar; \<\<horse\>\> controlar, dominar

1) u

a) ( command) control m

b) (ability to control, restrain) control m; ( authority) autoridad f

2) u c (regulation, restriction)

3)

a) u (knob, switch) botón m de control, control m

b) controls pl ( of vehicle) mandos mpl

4)

a) ( headquarters) (no art) control m

b) c ( checkpoint) control m

5) c ( in experiment) patrón m (de comparación); (before n)

6) u (skill, mastery) dominio m

1. N

1) (=command) control m ( over sobre)

2) (=power to restrain) control m

3) (=restraint) restricción f